The Influence of John Locke Essay -- Empiricists, Empiricism

John Locke was someone more than just an ordinary man. He was the son of a country attorney and born on August 29, 1632. He grew up during the civil war and later entered the Church of Christ, Oxford, where he remained as a student and teacher for many years. (Rivitch 23) With a wide variety of political and religious views, he expressed most of his personnel views on education and social and political philosophies. Once he noted the five lasting pleasures throughout his career were health, good news, knowledge, doing good, and eternal paradise. Many of his views both political and religious were found to be famous throughout history in many countries. Locke was one of the first people that thought religion and state should be separated. (Jenkins 123) Locke considered the formation of government from man’s own nature, whether or not government is formed because man is a social animal or if government is formed to preserve society. According to Locke, man must not think that all government in the world is the product only of force and violence, and that men live together by no other rules but that of beasts. Locke also felt that to understand political power right, and derive it from its origin. We must also consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature. Locke later published anonymously his Two Treaties of Government, and the essay Concerning Human Understanding. These writings were immediately successful and they both exerted a vast of influence. Between the both of these works, they made the dominant view of English thought through the greater part of the eighteenth century. J. Mathis 3 (Jenkins 56) John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (1690) was a well-known and respected document. In the paper, he attacked the theory of diving right of kings and the nature of the state as conceived by the English philosopher and political theorist Thomas Hobbes. He did not believe that a king should become king because â€Å"God told him to be†, but rather, because he was qualified for the position, and also because the people felt he should be there. Locke argued that sovereignty did not reside in t... ...d be no connection between the state and the church, and neither could make laws concerning the other. John Locke’s influence of our forefathers has been profound and, with his application of experimental analysis to ethics, politics, and religion, he remains one of the most important and controversial philosophers of all time. His ideas and writings lived way beyond his time, and have proven to be the reason the colonies broke away from there mother country and learned to expect certain rights from their government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maybe if it wasn't for John Locke our government might not exist for his influential thinking. John Locke was and still is a very important part of our history. J. Mathis 5 Biography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Squadrito, Kathleen John Locke, Twayne Publishers  © 1979   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jenkins, John Understanding Locke, Edinburgh, Edinburgh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University Press  © 1983   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eisenach, Eldon Two Worlds of Liberalism, Chicago, The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University of Chicago Press  © 1981   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rivitch, Daine and Thernstorm, Abigail the Democracy reader,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, Harpercollins publishers  © 1992 pg 31-39   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 97 ,  © 1993-1996

Research Proposal Electronic Health Records

Effects of Technological Experience on Adoption and Usage of Electronic Health Records Introduction The integration of electronic health records in the IT infrastructures supporting medical facilities enables improved access to and recording of patient data, enhanced ability to make more informed and more-timely decisions, and decreased errors. Despite these benefits, there are mixed results as to the use of EHR.The aim of this research is to determine if medical health professionals who lack experience with technology are slower to adopt and use electronic health records (EHR). Research has shown that the healthcare industry is plagued by rapidly increasing costs and poor quality. The United States medical care is the world’s most costly, but its outcomes are mediocre compared with other industrialized, and some non-industrialized, nations. Medical errors are a major problem resulting in upwards of 98000 deaths a year; as a result, patient safety has become a top priority.The healthcare system has been slow to take advantage of EHR and realize the benefits of computerization: that is, to improve access to records and patient data, to reduce incorrect dose errors, avoid drug interactions, and ensure the right patient is in the operating room (Noteboom 2012). Despite the obvious benefits a 2007 survey by the American Hospital Association reported that only 11% of hospitals had fully implemented EHR. Another study by Vishwanath& Scamurra reported less than 10% of physicians in different practices and settings in the US use EHR. Blumenthal (2009) cites only 1. 5% of US hospitals have comprehensive EHR systems.A similar 2009 study by the American Hospital Association shows less than 2% of hospitals use comprehensive EHR and about 8% use a basic EHR in at least one care unit. These findings indicate the adoption of HER continues to be low in US hospitals (Manos, 2009). Understanding the reason for the lack of technological integration is pivotal to securing q uality and affordable medical care. Education expert Mark Prensky (2001) defined two terms, digital natives and digital immigrants, which he used to describe those who have an innate ability for technology from an early age (native) and those who are slower to learn and adopt it (immigrant).This disparity is suggested to play a key role in the ability and desire of professional to use technological solutions in their day-to-day activities. Our intent is to expand this possibility to medical health professionals’ use of electronic health records. Our research will attempt to determine if being native to technology has any impact on a practitioner’s desire to incorporate information technology in to their work routine. We will also see if natives have perform better in health information settings as has been shown in other areas.Previous Research A 2008 study by DesRoches et al. attempted to discern barriers to the adoption of electronic health records. The authors condu cted a survey of physicians registered in the masterfile of the American Medical Association, excluding Doctors of Osteopathy. The authors listed 4 basic reasons the respondents could choose from; financial barriers, organizational barriers, legal barriers, and barriers from the state of the technology. Respondents could further clarify their responses base on subgroups.Financial barriers could include initial capital to implement the systems or uncertainty about the return on investment. Organizational barriers were sub-divided in to physician didn’t want to, the physicians did not have the capacity to, or they feared there would be a loss of productivity during implementation. Legal barriers included fears of breaches of confidentiality, hackers, and legal liability. State of technology included failure to locate an EHR that could meet their needs or that the system would become obsolete to quickly.Their results show that 66% of physicians without EHR’s cited capital costs as a reason. The also responded with not finding a system to meet their needs, 54%, uncertainty about their return on the investment, 50%, and concern that a system would become obsolete, 44%. Physicians working in locations with EHRs tended to highlight the same barriers, though less frequently. The authors concluded that financial limitations are the greatest barrier to the adoption of electronic health records. They do admit that their study, like all surveys, could be subject to response bias.Burt (2005) also surveyed physicians, this time from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a yearly survey conducted by the US census bureau. The authors were attempting to find correlations between EHR implementation and other statistics, such as age, practice size, and ownership (physician, physician group, or HMO). They used regression modeling and bivariate analysis of three years of survey data. They found that practices owned by HMOs were three times more likely to adopt EHR as single physician or group owned practices.Also, large physician group owned practices (20 or more) had an increased usage of EHR over small group and single physician owned. The authors reported that there were no variations due to practice size in the different ownership groups. Physicians’ age did not have any effect on EHR usage. The authors concluded that the ability of larger practices to spread the sizable investment required to purchase and implement the technology over more physicians and services was the largest factor in implementation EHR. Laerum (2001) was the first to look at how individual Physicians interact and use EHRs on an everyday basis.The conducted surveys and telephone interviews with physician in 32 units of 19 hospitals in Norway, because a much higher percentage of Norwegian hospitals use EHR, about 73%. The authors selected 23 possible common tasks a physician that could be assisted by or completed by an EHR. The also collected computer lite racy data, respondent age and sex and overall satisfaction with the system. The authors found that very few of the possible tasks were being utilized in the EHR. The found that on average physicians were using EHR for 2 to 7 of the possible 23 tasks.Most of the tasks used related to reading patient data. The also found that the computer literacy rate was high (72. 2/100) and there was no correlation with respondents age or sex. They gave the users satisfaction as a generally positive rating. Though demonstrating that physicians use EHR less than they could they gave no explanation as to why. Simon (2009) followed the same path as Laerum mentioned above, surveying physicians usage of EHR in practices that have systems deployed. The authors identified ten main functions available in EHR systems deployed in hospitals in Massachusetts.They attempted to determine if these ten functions were actually being utilized or if the physicians were still using paper. The authors deployed mail bas ed surveys, in 2005 and 2007, to physician in Massachusetts. The surveys asked the practitioners if they had an EHR deployed in their hospital, if and how they used the EHR for the ten predetermined tasks, and simple demographic information. The authors found that while EHR deployment grew by 12% (from 23% to 35% of hospitals), the amount of usage self reported didn't change.EHRs were still mostly being used for reading patient data, but there was a small increase in the use of electronic prescribing, with 19. 9% of physicians with this function available in 2005 using it most of the time, compared to 42. 6% in 2007. Linder (2006) expanded on this by asking why physicians aren't using EHRs. The authors also conducted a survey of Partners Healthcare; which supports an internally developed, web based, fully functioning EHR called Longitudinal Medical Record. They also expanded their base to include nurses, nurse practitioners, and physicians.The survey contained basic demographic info rmation, self-reporting skill level with the EHR, how often they used the EHR, and what they felt were barriers to their use of the system. Since this survey was contained to a system that had already implemented the EHR, the authors had removed the typical barriers of capital as reported above, but they still found that 25% never or rarely used the system, and less than 15% used the system exclusively every time, i. e. never took paper notes or wrote paper prescriptions.They found no correlation of EHR usage to age or gender, but did find that nurses were slightly less likely to use the system. The most uprising data was why practitioners said they didn’t use the EHR with 62% of respondents saying they didn't want to suffer a loss of eye contact with the patients and 31% of respondents saying that they thought it was rude to use a computer in front of a patient. Other notable reasons were falling behind schedule at 52%, computer being to slow (49%), typing skill (32%), and p referring to write â€Å"long prose notes† (28%).This was the first study to identify social barriers to the adoption of EHR in professional settings. Since the majority of the research had been unable to identify simple solutions a series of workshops consisting of industry leaders were formed to study the problem. Kaplan (2009) reports that participants convened and discussed current issues and challenges with widespread adoption of EHR. The workshops conclude that while there are still some technical issues with Information technology in the health sector the main focus needs to shift to revealing sociological and cultural problems.Noteboom (2012) took a different method to determine barriers to EHR adoption; eschewing all previous research in to problems with the usage of EHRs. The authors decide to use an approach more commonly seen in social sciences called open coding, a type of grounded theory. This method is almost the complete revers of traditional research in that it starts with data collection. From this data, key points of text, in this case transcripts from case studies, are marked with a series of codes.These codes are anchors that allow key points of data to be gathered. The researcher can then use these key points to construct a theory or hypothesis. Noteboom started with simple interviews with physician, attempting to elicit â€Å"perceptions, meanings, feelings, reasons, and comments† about their interaction with EHRs. The interviewed physician at the Research Medical Center, Kansas City, and labeled the transcripts of these interviews. From these interviews the authors discovered that users of EHR fall victim to positive and negative work cycles.Positive cycles are ways in which the system helps the physician, i. e. quicker reading of patient data or mining historical data. Negative cycles are tasks that take longer like data entry, which was done by nurses prior to EHR implementation, or lack of specific functions for special ists, calculate rad dosage for radiation therapy. Design Our research methodology will consist of a case study of medical health professional, preferably physicians, physician assistants, nurses, and nurse practitioners, currently employed in an institute running EHRs.The primary data will be gathered through interviews to elicit perceptions on ability to adapt to and use new technology, feelings on the implementation of the technology, comments about the systems, and history of their technology use (to determine natives and immigrants). Secondary data will be collected by having competent users observing participants interaction with the system and evaluating their efficacy. Once the data has been collected it will be analyzed to determine if there is any correlation between digital natives and digital immigrants as it pertains to their use of EHR.Special attention will be paid to how often the system is used compared to the theoretical maximum and how efficient the practitioner is compared to how efficient they perceive they are. Requirements to conduct this study are small. All that is required are willing hospitals that have EHR systems installed, hopefully with a diverse staff spanning many age groups and experience levels. We would also require around 5 interviewers who are well versed in assessing software efficacy to conduct the interviews and gauge practitioners’ abilities on the EHR system.Statistical data will be calculated on IBM SPSS or similar. ? References Bates, D. W. , Ebell, M. , Gotlieb, E. , Zapp, J. , & Mullins, H. C. (2003). A proposal for electronic medical records in US primary care. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 10(1), 1-10. Blumenthal, D. (2009). Stimulating the adoption of health information technology. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(15), 1477-1479. Burt, C. W. , & Sisk, J. E. (2005). Which physicians and practices are using electronic medical records?. Health Affairs, 24(5), 1334-1343. DesRoch es, C.M. , Campbell, E. G. , Rao, S. R. , Donelan, K. , Ferris, T. G. , Jha, A. , †¦ & Blumenthal, D. (2008). Electronic health records in ambulatory care—a national survey of physicians. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(1), 50-60 Kohn, L. T. , Corrigan, J. , & Donaldson, M. S. (2000). To err is human: building a safer health system (Vol. 6). Joseph Henry Press. Kaplan, B. , & Harris-Salamone, K. D. (2009). Health IT success and failure: recommendations from literature and an AMIA workshop. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 16(3), 291-299.L? rum, H. , Ellingsen, G. , & Faxvaag, A. (2001). Doctors' use of electronic medical records systems in hospitals: cross sectional survey. Bmj, 323(7325), 1344-1348. Linder, J. A. , Schnipper, J. L. , Tsurikova, R. , Melnikas, A. J. , Volk, L. A. , & Middleton, B. (2006). Barriers to electronic health record use during patient visits. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings (Vol. 2006, p. 499). American Medical Informatics Association Manos, D. (2009). New study shows few hospitals have comprehensive EHR. Healthcare IT News. McDonald, C. J. (1997).The barriers to electronic medical record systems and how to overcome them. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 4(3), 213-221. Noteboom, C. , Bastola, D. , & Qureshi, S. (2012, January). Cycles of Electronic Health Records Adaptation by Physicians: How Do the Positive and Negative Experiences with the EHR System Affect Physicians' EHR Adaptation Process?. In System Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 2685-2695). IEEE Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants Part 2: Do they really think differently?.On the horizon, 9(6), 1-6 Simon, S. R. , Soran, C. S. , Kaushal, R. , Jenter, C. A. , Volk, L. A. , Burdick, E. , †¦ & Bates, D. W. (2009). Physicians' use of key functions in electronic health records from 2005 to 2007: a statewide survey. Journal of the American Medical Informati cs Association, 16(4), 465-470. Vishwanath, A. , & Scamurra, S. D. (2007). Barriers to the adoption of electronic health records: using concept mapping to develop a comprehensive empirical model. Health Informatics Journal, 13(2), 119-134.

John Locke An Influential Person In History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 832 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: John Locke Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: John Locke was the founder of a school of thought called British Empiricism, which means all knowledge is from our senses. His most influential work is the Essay Concerning Human Understanding in which he offered an analysis of the mind and knowledge. Although Locke is thought of as an education pioneer, in his later years he focused his attention on theology (Connelly). Biographical Information:   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Locke was born on August 26, 1632 in Wrington, which is a small village in southwestern England, and he died October 28, 1704. He attended Westminster School in London which focused on math, geography, Arabic, Latin, Hebrew, and Greek. He was awarded the Kings Scholar award in 1650 which allowed him to buy classic books in Latin and Greek. Locke was an outstanding student but did not enjoy school. He went to the University of Oxford but found the curriculum stale because it focused on Aristotles logic and ignored the new and important knowledge being discovered. While at Oxford he met many advocates of the new science and collaborated with them in their research. After the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, Locke wrote two political works Two Tracts on Government and Two Treatises of Government. In 1663 he became the senior censor in Christ Church which required him to supervise undergraduate students and give lectures. Locke then began to write on his educational and philosophical beliefs (Gillard 2018). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "John Locke: An Influential Person In History" essay for you Create order Context: In the 17th century, during Lockes life, classical languages were learned through intense memorization exercises and corporal punishment (Connelly). Both rich boys and girls were educated. Either in separate boarding schools or by private tutors for boys, and by mothers for girls. Anyone could be a teacher because they taught what they knew. However according to Locke, If you want highly qualified teachers, select them carefully and pay them well (Gibbon). Locke believed that children learn best when they are engaged in the subject, and they should be able to seek their own interests and somewhat choose their course of study. He also thought curriculum should include practical knowledge (Connelly). Contributions: John Locke proposed the Epistemological Theory, Blank Slate Theory or Tabula Rasa, which states that humans are born with their minds completely empty, so they learn from their environment and surroundings. This went against philosophical tradition which states human beings are born with human nature. He believed every person is an author of their character. Locke also created the idea of simple and complex knowledge. Simple knowledge is the knowledge from the world that cannot be broken down. Complex knowledge is all the concepts assembled from simple knowledge (C. 2018). Before we can interpret the world and access it, we must know aspects about ourselves and how to obtain knowledge. Locke wanted methods to be incorporated into schools that would help with understanding the difference between right and wrong, so the children could eventually develop a moral sense (Connelly). Things in schools today that are connected:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of John Lockes contributions are connected to schools today which has made him an educational pioneer. Locke thought very highly of practical knowledge, and it is still very important in schools. Teachers teach the basics that every child should know, so they can thrive in the world. Children learn best when they are engaged. When children, especially young students, sit in a classroom and do not move all day, they will not learn effectively. If the classroom is inviting and the lesson being taught is presented in a meaningful way, students will most likely learn better. Student interest is also very important in schools today. Due to the way classrooms are set up, teachers have their students interests in their minds and want what is best for them. Teachers want them to learn and love it. Project based learning is an example of student interests being important. Another example is morals being taught in schools. It might not be directly taught, but children will learn right from wrong. Simple and complex knowledge is still used today. Children are taught simple knowledge first, which is the concepts that cannot be broken down. They are then taught complex knowledge, which is all the concepts they have learned connected to each other. Closing: John Locke was an influential person to the educational system. He proposed the Blank Slate Theory which means knowledge is derived from our senses, environment, and surroundings. He believed children should enjoy going to school and learning. Students interests are extremely important, however, practical knowledge and learning something a child might not want to learn is imperative. Works Cited (2018, August 28). John Locke: His Libertarian Philosophy In 5 Short Films. Retrieved September 4, 2018,from https://missliberty.com/john-locke-his-libertarian-philosophy-in-5-short-films/ Connolly, P. J. (n.d.). John Locke (1632-1704). Retrieved September 15, 2018, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/locke/ Gibbon, P. (2018, June 20). John Locke: An Education Progressive Ahead of His Time? Retrieved September 4, 2018, from https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2015/08/05/john-locke-an-education-progressive-ahead-of.html Gillard, D. (n.d.). Education in England Chapter 4. Retrieved September 9, 2018, from https://www.educationengland.org.uk/history/chapter04.html

Questions and Suggested Answers for Teacher Interviews

SK-II, Japan - 1844 Words

PG Japan: The SK-II Globalization Project (Harvard Business School case) Case Summary In â€Å"PG Japan: The SK-II Globalization Project† case study, the author Christopher Bartlett presents the PG’s plan of pushing SK-II as a global beauty product. In late 1999, Paolo de Cesare, President of Max Factor Japan, had given an idea to the Global Leader Team (GLT) of PG’s Beauty Care Global Business Unit (GBU) that whether it was a good idea for pushing SK-II to become a global PG brand. Since the product was successful in Japan ($150 million in sales in 1999), PG then was considering in expanding its SK-II to be distributed worldwide. There was also an effort of the Global Growth strategy of PG at that time as an influence factor to†¦show more content†¦PG need to work hard and do more research and development in order to produce higher quality, more innovative, and more unique in products in order to answer consumer’s need and compete with those major world brand competitors. Implementation of PG and SK-II PG set up the newly reorganized global operations. I’m going to explain how the company works with its new global operations strategy and how PG could push SK-II to world brand by using PG’s target market – China, Europe, and Japan. By using the implement of Organization 2005 (O2005), the company is expected to have more annual growth rate together with less expense. PG gives more compensation along with more responsibility tasks. PG allows every employee in company to hold firm’s stock. PG transferred primary profit responsibility from PG four regional organizations to seven global business units. For China, the company should first consider in building a strong brand in China. SK-II should be expressed clearly to target customers. Company then provides knowledge in using skin care up to six or eight steps. One more considering point is that there is high import duty. Thus, company should minimize the cost to make product profitable. For Europe, in order to have a chance in European market which crowded with world well-known beauty care brands, SK-II need to be launched in unique distribution channel from other PGShow MoreRelatedPG Japan: Sk-Ii Globalization1032 Words   |  5 PagesIn the highly competitive Japanese skin-care market, PG ¡Ã‚ ¦s new SK-II product has proven its success as a premium and prestige offering. PG has gained significant knowledge transfers from SK-II development and further, has successfully tapped the fickle Japanese market and has devloped a loyal user-base in Taiwan and Hong Kong. With its phenomenal success, it is only logical that PG consider rolling-out the SK-II product-line to the international market. However, while there is significant worldwideRead MorePG Japan: the Sk-Ii Globalization Project1692 Words   |  7 Pagesconsider before deciding what to recommend in your SK-II presentation to the global leadership team (GLT)? 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The product development was based on Western markets and it was assumed that it would streamline itself to other areas of the world. An example cited in this case study was the use of tap water for laundry washes without implementing aRead MoreSkii Case Analysis1041 Words   |  5 PagesPractical Work # 1 Pamp;G and SK-II Paolo de Cesare heads to Japan to make a decision on one of Pamp;G’s most successful and fast growing products – SK-II. SK-II was a high end product that had developed a strong following among Japanese women, who were increasingly conscious about skin care and willing to spend a significant amount of their income. Cesare must decide among three options: continue to focus on the Japanese market, introduce the product in china, or introduce it in Europe. Read MorePg Japan1454 Words   |  6 Pagessubsidiary to global business management. In the context of these changes introduced by Durk Jager, Pamp;G’s new CEO, Paolo de Cesare is transferred to Japan, where he takes over the recently turned-around beauty care business. Within the familiar Max Factor portfolio he inherits is SK-II, a fast-growing, highly profitable skin care product developed in Japan. Priced at over $100 a bottle, this is not a typical Pamp;G product, but its successful introduction in Taiwan an d Hong Kong has de Cesare thinkingRead MoreAs Paolo Decesare, What Factors Do You Need to Consider Before Deciding What to Recommend in Your Sk-Ii Presentation to the Global Leadership Team (Glt)? What Kind of Analysis Will You Need to Do in Preparing for?1306 Words   |  6 Pagesthe question The factors appropriate for SK-II as an existing brand in a country which would have had some priority over other products in the market will have to consider the PESTEL factors, Porter s five forces, SWOT,Marketing mix,Investment decision and the culture as well must be understood to position the product in new global market. PESTEL FACTORS This looks at the possibility of how SK-II cosmectics product can be a booming brand in Japan for Pamp;G company to grow their marketRead MoreMarketing1233 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to Marketing Written Report SK-II Segmentation, Targeting Positioning in Hong Kong Group Members: (Group 2) Chan Yuk Fung, Nichole Ho Wai Ki, Vivian Kwan Tsz Kwan, Sita Ng Chun Ting, Jacky Yuen Ka Wai Date of Submission: 18 Apr 2012 Content 1) Introduction of SK-II P.3 2) Segmentation for SK-II customers P.3-4 3) Analysis of SK-II Segmentation P.4 4) How SK-II target their customers P.4-5 5) PositioningRead MorePG Japan1409 Words   |  6 Pages Does SK-II have the potential to become a global brand within Procter Gamble’s worldwide operations? Why or why not? 2. Which of the three market options should Paulo Decesare recommendation to the GLT? What benefits do you expect to gain? What risks do you see? 3. How Should he implement your recommended option? What are the implications for PG’s new post-O2005 organization? What support and/ or resistance do you expect? How will you manage it? 4. Why was SK-II so successful

Acute Respiratory Mrs Cox

Questions: Mrs Amanda Cox is 29 years old, she presented to ED with acute onset chest pain and dyspnoea. Amanda describes the pain as sharp, and states it is worse when she tries to breathe in and she rates the pain 7/10. Amanda states prior to presenting to hospital, she was involved in an Assault where she was hit in the chest. An assessment was performed on Amanda the findings are: BP: 99/50mmHg, HR: 145, RR: 26, Temp: 36.8, Oxygen sats: 90% on room air (RA), absent chest movement on left side.Before considering Amandas condition, its important to recall complex physiology related to breathing and respiration:The Alveoli/Capillary exchange is known as the functional unit of the lungs. 1. Discuss the role of this functional unit and what can happen to the patient when it doesnt function effectively:2. What is the role of Oxygen in the body? (i.e.: what is it used for?)3. The 4 phases of Respiration are: Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation), External Respiration, Transport, and Internal Respirati on. Define a disorder/disease that would interfere with each phase of respiration.4. Given the signs and symptoms suffered by Amanda, hypothesise what is the most likely condition that Amanda may be suffering from?5. Discuss the pathophysiology of a traumatic pneumothorax.6. Outline other clinical manifestations that may present in a patient with this condition a traumatic pneumothorax. 7. The doctor inserts an Intercostal Catheter (ICC) into Amandas left side. Explain what an Intercostal Catheter is and the purpose of it.8. Amanda mobilises out of bed and inadvertently removes the chest drain. Prioritise three (3) immediate nursing actions? Answers: 1. The condition of dys-functioning of Alveoli/capillary exchange can be referred to as pulmonary contusion or acute valvular insufficiency. In normal physiological condition, the oxygen is intended to pass the air-blood barrier into the capillaries, which is hampered. Bodys circulation for oxygen is essential, as it helps the cells to consume oxygen and maintain the regular physiological functioning. Dys-functioning of this kind will lead, fatigue, hypoxia, cyanosis, fainting and dull appearance. It should be noted that the problem is not only concentrated with improper functioning of lungs, but also depends upon the bodys poor ability to carry blood and circulate the oxygen transportation. Zoeller, K. A. (2013). Pulsatile flow does not improve efficacy in ex vivo lung perfusion (Doctoral dissertation, University of Louisville). 2. Oxygen plays vital role in breathing and metabolism within the physiological system. Mainly the nutrient compounds are oxidized with the help of oxygen in conjunction to complex enzymatic process. Appropriate level of oxygen is thus vital for the support of cellular respiration. It is the oxidation process, which is metabolically regularized for the generation of energy in body. Oxygen is used as electron acceptor in the mitochondria of cells to generate ATP molecules. Other than this, oxygen is also essential for the proper functioning of neurons in brain. Mills, D. B., Canfield, D. E. (2014). Oxygen and animal evolution: Did a rise of atmospheric oxygen trigger the origin of animals?. BioEssays, 36(12), 1145-1155. 3. Lower respiratory infection is defined as the collection of diseases and disorders, which have the potential to infect the all the four phases of respiration. These include infection, restrictive pulmonary disorder, lung cancer and obstructive pulmonary disorder. Specification related to each phase is described in following section: Breathing It causes accumulation of cough, which brings up phlegm and mucus. Other possible symptoms that are included in such complications include congestion and tight feeling in chest, increased rate of breathing, wheezing and breathlessness. External respiration With infection, the alveoli gets swollen and hence the gaseous exchange between alveolar space and blood becomes inefficient. This can cause increase in pH of blood, hypoxia state and fatigues. Transport Infection and lung cancer affects the epithelium of respiratory tract. This will cause production of abnormal transport protein and thus the ion section of cells will be hampered along with the secretion of sweat glands. The secreted mucus also form a thin layer over the ciliated cells, thus the respiratory secretion will be hampered. Internal respiration In the overall complication, the oxygen supply to the cell will be hampered. This will cause inefficiency of oxygen molecules to act as electron acceptor in mitochondria. Because of this, the energy production process of the cells will be poor. Chang, A. B., Chang, C. C., O'Grady, K., Torzillo, P. J. (2009). Lower respiratory tract infections. Pediatric clinics of North America, 56(6), 1303-1321. 4. The present condition in linked with pulmonary contusion and haemothorax. With the history of hit on chest, there is possibility that the alveolar tissues might undergone tear and hence leads to ulmonary haemorrhage, oedema and confluent infiltration. The diagnosis can be confirmed thoroughly with CT scan of chest. Richardson, J. D., Adams, L., Flint, L. M. (1982). Selective management of flail chest and pulmonary contusion. Annals of surgery, 196(4), 481. 5. Traumatic pneumothorax, usually happens with motor vehicle accident, stabbing or trauma related condition. This leads to pulmonary contusion, implosion and inertial force over the alveolar tissue is reduced because of tear. The large potential volume of blood may lead to circulatory collapse and shock. Condition like dyspnea is also very common in such situation. In many a case volume replention and drainage of pleural space is needed. Furthermore, for the objective of persistent drainage, thoracic surgery evaluation is very much essential. Johnson, G. (1996). Traumatic pneumothorax: is a chest drain always necessary?. Journal of accident emergency medicine, 13(3), 173-174. 6. Clinical manifestation in conjunction to traumatic pneumothorax can be summarized in the following rebuttal points: Breathing shortness Soft under skin bulges. These are trapped air which are present beneath the skin in the region of neck and chest. Pain in chest in resting state and in breathing Chest movement becomes uneven while breathing Heartbeat becomes rapid Cough and accumulation of mucus in the respiratory tract Majercik, S., White, T. W., Van Boerum, D. H., Granger, S., Bledsoe, J., Conner, K., ... Weaver, L. K. (2014). Cleared for takeoff: The effects of hypobaric conditions on traumatic pneumothoraces. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 77(5), 729-733. 7. Intercostal Catheter is small tube like structure that can be inserted in the body to prevent surgical procedures. The purpose of this is to supplement for the intervention related to fluid therapy in traumatic pneumothorax. In majority of cases, the fluid should be withheld from the patient. Care should be taken that enough fluid should be present to ensure blood flow. It is hence people not requiring large fluid should use catheter to be placed in the pulmonary artery to measure the pressure inside it. It is hence this pressure measurement will help the clinicians to decide the amount to fluid to be present inside to prevent shock and to compensate the condition of edema. Obeid, F. N., Shapiro, M. J., Richardson, H. H., Horst, H. M., Bivins, B. A. (1985). Catheter aspiration for simple pneumothorax (CASP) in the outpatient management of simple traumatic pneumothorax. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 25(9), 882-886. 8. Three immediate nursing actions are: Chest physical therapy is essential part of nursing support, which includes breathing exercise, stimulation of coughing, percussion, movement, vibration and increase in oxygenation. Pain control is another means, which also helps in facilitation of secretion. Simpler example is pain while coughing. Pain control and management is one of the essential and immediately required nursing practice measures, which have the potential to improve the patient condition. Information about medication, such as analgesic for pain management and antibiotic for recovery of tissue injury is essential to be delivered to patient. Patient education in this regard will be helpful for the purpose of self-management and quick measures of health restoration. MacDuff, A., Arnold, A., Harvey, J. (2010). Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax, 65(Suppl 2), ii18-ii31.

Does Plato Believe There Can Ever Be free essay sample

A Just Society? Essay, Research Paper Does Plato Believe There Can Ever Be A Just Society? In replying this inquiry I foremost need to depict what a merely society would dwell of. A perfect province can merely be lead under perfect conditions. Civil Society would be a better name for this province. A merely province would be made up of three parts. First, a province is a construction with parts that work together like an being. If the parts do non work good together so the whole thing interruptions down. It must hold virtuousnesss, voices, it can be wise and brave. The province must hold everyone executing at that place occupations to their best ability. For a province to be merely the people within the province must besides be merely. A adult male is merely when he has a good ordered psyche because so you will make the right thing by executing good and merely actions. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Plato Believe There Can Ever Be or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A psyche must be allowed to execute its proper map. In a province you can non specify justness by a adult male because a adult male can disintegrate into ugliness. Alternatively you must specify justness based on signifiers. Plato says that the signifiers are ageless and of all time lasting. What constitutes an unfair society is a deficiency of cognition. So neglected to make a merely society we must educate people. The society must be good rounded in their instruction for if they are non they will hold jobs in society. A society must be fit, engagement in sports, they need to be sensitive to prose poesy, and have knowledge of mathematics and scientific discipline. Education can non be on fortes, but everything head, spirit, and organic structure. Having a well rounded instruction will assist people to pass on in all countries. The more you know in many different countries the better over all communicating a society has. One of the ground there are inequalities in a society is due to deficiency of cognition. Everyone in the society must to some extent be a philosopher because Thursday ey seek instruction and cognition. A merely society must besides hold a merely swayer. A merely swayer would necessitate to be a philosopher, he would hold to offer honest leading which reflects the will and knowledge of society. A perfect society must hold moderation, cognition, and wisdom. In justnesss occur because of a deficiency of cognition ensuing in greed. In order to acquire rid of unfairness everyone in the society must be educated get downing at birth. Womans and work forces need to be every bit educated in a well rounded manner in order to advance a merely society. In inquiring if this society could of all time work the reply is no. The lone manner it could work is if all of society is willing to accept cognition and work hard for instruction. Even though there is no such thing as a genuinely unfair society a wholly merely society will neer go on until people are willing to work for it. Another ground there can neer be a absolutely merely society is because everyone # 8217 ; s perceptual experience of merely is different. We know that the thought of justness is at that place, but to explicate it to where everyone agrees to the thought would be difficult to achieve. However, in seeking to happen true justness the society becomes stronger and more merely. Expressing individualism that benefits or hurts a society nevertheless, reflects assertiveness, inducement, thought, and creativeness, which strengthens the society. If a society of all time got to the point of being merely, the society would no longer have greed, thrust for a better life, it would non hold poorness or wealth. The society would merely halt. There would be no more innovation, growing, or alteration. The lone alteration from Plato # 8217 ; s clip to ours is engineering. We are still seeking for the perfect authorities, the inquiry of who is better than who is still asked, and instruction is still a major rule to whether or non you are successful. 36f